Hi,
first of all it depends on the voltage value of one LSB.
And this depends on the decoding range of your ADC. We don´t know this.
For sure there is also a dependency on the ratio, if you are looking for tau.
If you look only for the count of tau, then:
max allowed error = 0.125/(2^14)
1 tau gives an error of about 0.3768 = (1 / euler)
n = log(0.125/(2^14)) / log(0.3768)
(n is the count of tau you need, where tau = R x C)
*****
And it depends on the sampling time. We don´t know this. There is no need for 50% duty cycle.
We additionally don´t know how much conversion time (hold time) your ADC needs.
Klaus