You can detect a short circuit by direct current sense
(against a threshold that sits above max normal current
limit, and perhaps in concert with an output undervoltage
term, plus some idea about whether the part is in soft start).
You can check for failure-to-transition, on a switching
output. But this is not useful at the DC output of the
brick.
A key question is short-to-what? Most people think about
ground. There are other possibilities. But dealing with every
single stinkin' permutation of monkey screwdriver stupidity
will blow your design schedule right out of the water.