what is difference between adjustable regulators and generic ones like 78xx ?
is it meaning that we can set the output of adjustable regulators on any desirable voltage? how?
You can easily adjust a fixed voltage regulator too but the output voltage will be at least the rated voltage for that regulator,
for example a 7812 can only be adjusted to an output over 12v.
Usually this is not the way that a fixed regulator is used.
Check page 23-24 of the datasheet for examples https://www.fairchildsemi.com/ds/LM/LM7805.pdf
An adjustable voltage regulator will have a very low minimum voltage (1.2v for LM317) and it can
only be used with external components that adjust the output voltage
In both cases the output voltage can be calculated using the datasheet formulas.
yes ,generally we can set the output of adjustable regulators by a variable resistor.like LM337 or LM337,they are easily to be used,you can look up their datesheets for more information.