What is the physical media for data communiction you intend to use (power cable, twisted pair, air, ...) ?
Which type of data coding you will be using (NRZ, Manchester, ...) ?
What kind of modem (modem -> modulator-demudolator) device you are searching.
What kind of modulation type you intend to use ?
Take a look at Cermetek modems, they have resolved all the telephonic circuits, you just connect serialy in a side, and in the other side the telephonic line. www.cermetek.com
So, Silicon Labs, has modems kits too from 1200bps to 33600bps (www.silabs.com)
Then, TDK has a very good 2400 bps modem (73M2901).
I think you should look to OEM suppliers, they offer boards with differents modem chip (TDK, Connexant...) and TTL interfaces you can connect directly to a simple MCU. Those kind of boards are typicaly used in set top box.
I think you can't buy the chip modem alone because you will need quantity to do so.