Hi,
Mainly basic questions. I recommend to do some internet search and read about GPS.
Wikipedia may be a good start.
Read through the A9G documentation to get known how it works. Like power supply, communucation with the microcontroller, command set, timing, latency....
Generally GPS is a one way system: data is sent from sattelites to earth. Everybody can receive those signals. Nobody sends data back, thus nobody knows "who" is receiving. Even the sattelites don't know who or how may receivers use the system. It is free for everybody.
Google is different and has nothing to do with GPS. For sure Goggle collects GPS data ... but only the data you send to Google. It does not get any data from the GPS sattelites. It's just the data you (your cellular phone) send to Google.
As soon as you tell your cellular phone not to transmit data via the internet ... Google will not know where you are.
Klaus