Hi,
In between the MOSFET source and ground insert a shunt resistance (value depends on your current requirement). e.g Saying there is a 10A current requirement for the load, so, let's say we use a 0.01 ohm resistor. So, voltage drop across the resistor will be (according to Ohm's Law) V = IR = 10 * 0.01 = 0.1V.
Use a microcontroller or more simply, comparator or op-amp to detect this. Set a reference and compare the voltage with this.
If your reference is 0.1v, then over 10A, the comparator can turn off the MOSFET or IGBT.
You can say set reference at 0.3v, so whenever current flow is greater than 30A, the circuit turns the switch off.
When there is a short-circuit, current is much greater than the 10A or 30A, so it should be fine.
Take care of shunt power rating. If your current is 10A, voltage across the 0.01R shunt is 0.1V, so power dissipated is P = VI = 0.1 * 10 = 1W, so you should use at least a 2W resistor.
Take a look at this:
#1221679
Hope this helps.
Tahmid.