Seeing the word 'except', I get the impression this is asking 'are there ways to create time-dependent electronic behavior without using a capacitor or inductor?'
A crystal or piezo device can do this.
A mechanical device can do this (example, spring-driven clock movement).
The travel-time of sound might do this.
A sufficiently long wire, or direct light transmission, will add a time delay.
The above concepts are not necessarily what you would call phase lead or lag, however.
When we think of current being out of phase with voltage, we automatically think of capacitors and inductors.