Hi,
The easiest way may be to just do a forum search "thermocoule microcontroller"... you will find a lot of useful threads..usually they will give you all answers.
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Or decide all on your own:
You begin with the wrong questions, they come later..
Begin with:
* What temperature range do you want to measure? (min, max)
* what temperature resolution do you want?
* how often per second or per hour do you want to measure? (conversion rate)
* are you able or do you want to calibrate the temperature measurement?
* what absolute temperature error do you need?
--> With the temperature range you can find out the thermocouple voltage range.
--> with the temperature resolution resolution you find out what ADC resolution you need.
...decide what supply voltage you want to use for microcontroller and ADC.
--> with the conversion rate you now can choos an ADC (additinally look for: price, availability, interface...)
--> then find out the input voltage range of your ADC
Divide ADC_input_voltage_range / thermocouple_voltage_range ... and get the amplifier gain.
Calculate what the absolute temperature error means for voltage_error.
Select an OPAMP with less offset_voltage than this voltage error.
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Klaus