I can hardly imagine, that you have been given a project in a completely unknown field without some basic help or introduction. Otherwise, there should be serious doubts regarding the competence of your supervisor.
Microblaze, a software processor core, is usually run on Xilinx FPGA and I expect that you have access to a Xilinx development board, at least for software development and test, if the project implies development of a specific hardware.
There are a lot of tutorials and reference projects supplied by Xilinx and others that can help you to experience the technique of FPGA based software processors. VHDL programming must no necessarily be involved, cause the software processor is programmed in C language.
There may be particular reasons, why the project is intended for a FPGA/Microblaze platform. But according to the information you gave, it's not an obvious FPGA application. I can't see, that it get's any profit by FPGA properties. A small processor with ADC, e. g. a PIC or ATmega, could be rather regarded as a natural platform. But nearly anything can be done with FPGA, so of course, it will work. As said, you need some analog periphery, particularly an ADC to process the measurements.