my circuit works with 12V and draws 0.18 A. and i want to use an ordinary 12V voltage adapter/regulator,
i want to protect my circuit from high voltage (>15V) and high current (>0.25A)
what can i use for this ? an IC or a protection circuit with few components ?
As overvoltage protectionyou can use a zener dioda and SCR in the classic CROW-BAR configuration .. see picture below ..
As overcurrent protection you can use just simple slow-blow fuse (will also work with crow-bar), or, if you want to add more components, an electronic fuse .. https://www.onsemi.com/PowerSolutions/product.do?id=NIS5112
The suggested LDO (LM2937) is also a good option for overvoltage and current protection, but you will need to ensure that the input voltage is ≈13Vdc (>12.5V) to provide good output regulation .. see picture below ..