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"There are numerous substrates that can be used for the design of microstrip antennas,
and their dielectric constants are usually in the range of 2.2 ≤ Ir ≤ 12. The ones that
are most desirable for good antenna performance are thick substrates whose dielectric
constant is in the lower end of the range because they provide better efficiency, larger
bandwidth, loosely bound fields for radiation into space, but at the expense of larger
element size [38]"
The influence of substrate height on the radiation efficiency should be described by two stages. Stage 1: When the height is small, dielectric loss (and maybe together with conductor loss) dominates. In this stage, the radiation efficiency increases with substrate height, since larger height leads to smaller dielectric loss and stronger radiation. Stage 2: When the height is large, surface-wave loss dominates and this loss increases with substrate height. Thus keeping increasing the substrate height cannot improve the radiation efficiency infinitely.
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