How to read the following diagram?

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sys_eng

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1)horizontal axis is the supply voltage, how about the vertical axis?
2)Why is another line 45 degree labeled as supply voltage?
3)where does 2Vt+4Vds,sat come from?
 

Hi,

Maybe...

1) Threshold voltage?
2) I am unsure. Perhaps it is a way of showing the minimum headroom voltage required for the "rail-to-rail" differential pair to operate.
3) I guess because a P and N differential pair needs the Vth of the N and the Vth of the P + the 2 * Vds of the cascaded Ns and the 2 * Vds of the cascaded Ps to be useful/carry out the function that design is intended to.

- - - Updated - - -

Excuse me: 3) should read - cascoded, not cascaded.
 

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