Hi,
Maybe...
1) Threshold voltage?
2) I am unsure. Perhaps it is a way of showing the minimum headroom voltage required for the "rail-to-rail" differential pair to operate.
3) I guess because a P and N differential pair needs the Vth of the N and the Vth of the P + the 2 * Vds of the cascaded Ns and the 2 * Vds of the cascaded Ps to be useful/carry out the function that design is intended to.
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Excuse me: 3) should read - cascoded, not cascaded.