That’s a pretty broad question. There are a lot of things that can limit whatever undefined thing you’re trying to do. Memory. Processing speed. Bit-width. Built-in resources (like multipliers). I don’t think Arduinos are really designed for ‘serious‘ audio processing, maybe look into FPGAs.
Define what you actually want to do, then figure out what resources you’ll need. For instance, a filter is going to require a lot of multiplications. Can your chosen board do that fast enough?