The retry stage can consist of a 555 IC, configured to send low duty cycle pulses.
The simulation shows it entering this state when the input (lefthand) goes high. This signal can come from a current monitor at your load.
There is a hurdle because you'll need some logic circuit that permits the input to go low again only during a retry event, and only if current is less than 10A. A solution could be a memory circuit such as an RS flip flop.
PTCs are great in theory but in reality they're far from ideal with high resistance, significant temperature derating and large size/cost that increases with both current and voltage.
There are a large number of load switches/mosfet controllers/hot swap controllers/current sense amplifiers and other ICs that provide solid state current limiting options and fusing functionality.
For example:
INA202, current sense shunt + mosfet
Or if you can be less precise with the shutoff current there are many ICs like this for the automotive market:
**broken link removed**