In theory the antenas are reciprocal. They can be used to transmit and receive.
But in the real world, some antennas are designed just for receiving.
To transmit with an antenna, its impedance should be matched to the transmission line and that of the transmitter. That is SWR 1:1 or as low as possible. A mismatch in a receiving antenna is not a major issue.
The other thing that you must be aware of is the power ratting of the antenna. Some receiving antennas could be used for transmitting only with very low power (QRP).
Another issue is efficiency. an antenna (like a small loop) could work very well to receive but its efficiency is very poor (as the diameter decreases).
Active antennas (an antenna with a preamplifier) cannot be used to tx unless you switch out the preamp.
Verticals, Dipoles, yaguis and similar antennas are very close to the theory and are
are used with transceivers for transmission and receiving.