Hi,
Guess ... You find those information in a datasheet.
Either directely in the device datasheet (Wurth), or there are common soldering documents at the manufacturer´s internet sites.
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An example:
Wurth WCAP-CSGP Ceramic Capacitors Datasheet:
Gives two soldering diagrams. One for reflow, the other for wave soldering.
Additinally they give informations in a table:
* Peak temperature (Tp): 250°C - 260°C
* Time of actual peak temperature (tp): max. 10 seconds
I´d say: every iron soldering gives more thermal and mechanical stress to the device than reflow or wave soldering.
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According your questions:
There should be plenty of information material about soldering errors, effects, damages, and so on in the internet.
My opinion: Every change in behaviour is possible: Value change to complete damge.
Klaus