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hi
what i know is that it raises the mains power to very high levels larger than breakdown voltage of air , this what causes the sparcing once this happens the rest is chemical reactoin .
this could be done using boost converteres.
Welding - Historical Perspectives
The following is an abridgement of an article, “In the Beginning,” written by Hal Stacey, and published in the Welding Journal, Volume 73, by the American Welding Society, Miami, Florida, June, 1994. Welding is an ancient science, so old that its roots have been lost in antiquity. One of the principles of metalworking that seems to have been passed down over the centuries, however, is that when iron is softened and rendered plastic by heating in a fire, it will, under suitable conditions, unite or “weld.” Because few implements or articles of iron or steel can survive
the attack of rust indefinitely, little direct evidence remains as to exactly when welding originated. The art of working and hardening steel, an advanced stage in
metalworking that doubtless took centuries to reach, was commonly practiced 30 centuries ago in Greece and is mentioned by Homer.
It is probable that the principles of welding were discovered, lost and rediscovered repeatedly by ancient peoples the world over, since it has been proven that primitive tribes on different continents, with no apparent means of communicating with one another, developed and used the same basic methods of smelting, shaping and treating iron.
By the time of the Renaissance, welding with fire had become an established practice, and the craftsmen of that period were highly skilled in the art. The parts
to be joined were properly shaped and then reheated to the correct temperature in a forge or furnace before being hammered, rolled or pressed together. Biringuccio’s Pyrotechnia, published in 1540, contains several references to such operations. In one case, a square piece of steel was welded to the end of an iron rod for use in turning cannon bores. In another, cracked bells were made whole again by a method of welding. It is obvious that Biringuccio was intrigued by the latter application, for he wrote, “This seems to me an ingenious thing, little used, but of great usefulneqs.” Forge welding of iron developed into an illidustry of
considerable proportions and, until about 1 890, was the only method available. When the two iron parts reached the proper temperature, they were forced
together by various means, often being hung from cranes to facilitate the operation. Then, with the heat maintained at a certain temperature, the ends were
struck repeatedly with a sledge hammer for a definite period. That done, the part was withdrawn from the fire and finished on an anvil. Forge welding is still
practiced to some extent today. The Electric Arc. Credit for the concept of modem welding is generally given to Sir Humphrey Davy because of his discovery of the electric arc. In 1810, while experimenting with the emerging science of electricity, Davy discovered that an arc could be created by bringing two terminals of a comparatively high voltage electric circuit near one another. This arc, which cast a bright light and gave off a considerable amount of heat, could be struck and maintained at will, and its length and intensity could be varied within limits determined by the voltage of the circuit and the type of terminals utilized. At that time it was regarded as a curiosity with no practical use; Sir Davy did not apply the name “arc” to his discovery until 20 years later.
The arc was put to its first practical use in 1881, when carbon-arc street lamps were introduced. Shortly after, the electric furnace made its appearance. One of
the earliest furnaces was installed by the Cowles Brothers in 1886 at Milton Staffordshire, England.
Arc welding experiments were first undertaken by DeMeritens in 1881. In his experiments the various parts of a lead battery plate were welded using a carbon
arc as the heat source.
In the early 1890s, Lloyd and Lloyd of Birmingham, England, established an arc welding shop, very well equipped for that era, which was capable of welding
wrought iron pipes up to a foot in diameter. In 1902, the Baldwin Locomotive Works established an extensive welding shop in Pennsylvania for locomotive
repair and maintenance, using the carbon arc process on a large scale. Milestones
1836 - Acetylene gas discovered by Edmund Davy.
1856 - The principle of resistance welding believed to be discovered by physicist James Joule, England.
1862 - Woehler produced acetylene gas from calcium carbide.
1876 - John A. Tobin (USA), patented the alloy known as Tobin Bronze, a high-strength copper-tin-zinc bronze.
1881 - One of the earliest carbon arc welding machines invented by De Meritens (France).
1881 - Dr. R. H. Thurston (United States) completed a six-year study and exhaustive tests on the strength and ductility of a series of copperzinc bronzes.
1882- Patent granted to Robert A. Hadfield (England) for austenitic manganese steel which he called Hadfield Steel.
1885 - Elihu Thompson (USA) awarded a patent on a resistance welding machine.
1885 - Carbon arc welding developed by Benardos & Olszewski (Russia).
1889-90 -First arc welding with bare wire electrodes by C. L. Coffin (USA).
1890 - Concept of welding in an oxidizing medium originated by Coffin (USA).
1890 - First oxyfuel gas cutting bank robbery attempted by a Mr. Brown (England).
1892 - Calcium carbide manufactured by Willson and Morehead (USA).
1895 - Konrad Roentgen (Bavaria), observed the effects of X-radiation while passing an electric current through a vacuum tube.
1895 - LeChatelier (France) credited with discovering the oxygen-acetylene flame.
1896 - Reports of the first electric-welded tube production in Cleveland, Ohio.
Circa 1900 - Hans Goldschmidt, Goldschmidt AG West Germany (Orgotheus Inc. USA) discovered that the exothermic reaction between a mixture of aluminum powder and a metal oxide can be initiated by an external heat source for thermite welding.
1900 - The first oxyacetylene torches were made by Fouche and Picard (France).
1901 - The oxygen lance was invented by Menne (Germany).
1904 - Avery (USA) invented a portable cylinder for acetylene-powered auto headlights; produced by the Concentrated Acetylene Company (CAC).
1906 - CAC bought by Prest-0-Lite, forerunner of Linde Division, Union Carbide Corporation.
1907 - Acetylene cutting used to demolish the old Grand Central Station in New York; completed at 80% below projected cost.
1907-10 - Coated electrodes developed by 0. Kjellberg (Sweden).
1909 - Plasma arc system using a gas vortex stabilized arc invented by Schonherr.
1911 - The first oxyfuel gas welded pipeline, 11 miles long, constructed by Philadelphia and Suburban Gas Company.
1912 - Production of the first commercial oxyacetylene welded tubing in this country reported.
1912 - First all-steel automobile body joined by resistance spot welding produced at the Edward G. Budd Company, Philadelphia.
Circa 1912 - Ford Motor Company developed welding techniques in plant laboratory for Model T production.
19 13 - Acetylene cylinder developed by Avery and Fisher (Indianapolis).
1917 - Arc welding used during World War I to repair engines in 109 captured German ships; after repairs, ships were used to send 500 000 U.S. troops to France.
1917 - Webster & Southbridge Gas and Electric Company, Massachusetts, welded 11 miles of 3-inch pipe with electric arc welding machines.
1919 - American Welding Society founded’ by Comfort A. Adams.
1920 - First all-welded-hull ship, the stearner Fulugar, launched (England).
Circa 1920 - The Johnson Process for producing electric resistance welded steel tubing patented.
Circa 1920-The first welded tanker, the Poughkeepsie Socony, was launched (USA).
Circa 1920 - Flux cored wires for hardfacing introduced.
1922 - Prairie Pipeline Company completed an 8- inch, 140-mile line carrying crude oil from Mexico to Jacksboro, Texas, using oxyacetylene welding.
1923 - First storage tank “floating roof’ completed; designed to float welded roof on stored petroleum or chemical product, with tank walls designed to telescope to increase or decrease tank size.
924 - All-welded natural gas pipeline14 miles long built by Magnolia Gas Company (USA) using acetylene welding.
924 - Radiography used by H. H. Lester to examine castings to be installed in the United States’ first 8.3 MPa (1200 psi) steam pressure power plant for the Boston Edison Company.
926 - Solid extruded coating for shielded metal arc welding electrodes introduced by A. 0. Smith Co. (USA).
926 - First patents for flux cored wire granted to Stoody (USA).
1926 - M. Hobart and P. K. Devers issued separate U.S. patents for developments in arc welding using helium as a shielding gas.
1927 - First solo transatlantic flight achieved by Lindberg in Ryan monoplane; fuselage based on structure of all-welded steel alloy tubing.
928 - First structural welding code, Code for Fusion Welding and Gas Cutting in Building Construction published by American Welding Society; forerunner of D. 1.1, Structural Welding Code-Steel.
930 - Continuous welded rail introduced by the Central Georgia Railroad for track through two tunnels. Welded rail used in open track two years later.
Circa 1930 - Atomic hydrogen welding developed as method of welding metals other than carbon and low-alloy steels.
1931 - Welded steel structure of Empire State Building completed.
1933 - First arc-welded pipeline joined without backing rings constructed by H.C. Price from Oklahoma City to Thall, Kansas.
1933 - Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, world’s highest suspension bridge (incorporating 87 750 tons of welded steel) opened to traffic.
1934 - Unfired Pressure Vessel Code issued jointly 1935 - Submerged arc welding developed by Linde Air Products Co. (USA).
1940 - First all-welded ship built in United States, the Exchequer, launched from Ingalls Shipyard.
1941 - Gas Tungsten Arc Welding, (“Heliarc”) invented by Meredith (USA).
1941 - First American 60-ton tank completed; welding becomes critical to the production of ships, planes, armored tanks and weapons in World War 11.
1943 - Curtiss-Wright welds hollow steel propeller blades using atomic hydrogen, submerged arc, and shielded metal arc processes.
1943 - Vera Anderson named national champion woman welder of the United States in a contest held at Ingalls Shipbuilding, Pascagula, Mississippi.
1949 - The first all-welded Ford automobile was produced using arc and resistance welding.
1950 - First spray transfer patent for gas metal arc welding, by Muller, Gibson and Anderson, marketed by Air Reduction Sales Company (USA).
Circa 1950 - Electroslag welding first used for production in Russia.
1953 - Patent for constricted plasma arc torch issued to R.M. Gage (USA).
1954 - Self-shielded flux cored wire introduced by Lincoln Electric (USA).
1954 - First atomic submarine, The Nautilus, is placed in U.S. Naval service.
1955 - Constricted arc (plasma arc) developed and introduced by Linde Division, Union Carbide Corporation (USA). by API-ASME (USA).
1956 - Friction welding invented (Russia).
Circa 1957-Carbon dioxide (COz) used for short circuiting transfer, gas metal arc welding (USA, Britain, and Russia).
1960 - First laser beam produced using a ruby crystal (USA).
1960s -Pulsed power gas metal arc welding introduced by Airco (USA).
1961 - First public disclosure of electron beam welding by Stohr, French Atomic Energy Commission (France).
1962 - Electrogas welding patent issued, assigned to Arcos (Belgium).
1964 - “Hot wire” welding processes and “oneknob” (Synergic Control) gas metal arc welding process control patented by Manz (USA).
1965 - The St. Louis Arch built from 142 welded stainless steel sections and erected as a tribute to the city and a memorial to westward expansion.
1965 - Welded space craft, Apollo 10, launched to the moon (USA).
1967 - World’s first undersea pipeline hot tap engineered and welded by Frank Pilia (USA) for Linde Division, Union Carbide Corporation, in the Gulf of Mexico.
1968 - Development and manufacture of HY-130 steel for pressure vessels and ship hulls completed as a result of $2.3 million research effort by U.S. Steel aided by Naval Ship Engineering Center.
1968 - Critical comer pieces welded in place in the first 22 floors of the John Hancock Center, Chicago; this steel structure consequently welded to a height of 1107 feet.
1969 - Plasma arc hot-wire cladding process introduced by Linde Division, Union Carbide Corporation.
1970s -Transistor-controlled inverter welding power introduced (world wide).
1977 - Alaska Pipeline completed; 2500 tons of filler metals used in 100 000 welds, spanning 798 miles from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez.
1980s -Semiconductor circuits and computer circuits used to control welding and cutting processes (world wide).
1980s -Vapor phase reflow soldering used for printed circuit boards.
1983 - American Welding Institute (AWI) established as American Welding Technology Application Center.
1983 - “Spaceship Earth,” 160-ft. diameter geodesic dome at Epcot Center constructed with submerged arc and shielded metal arc welding processes; inspected with approximately 4000 radiographs.
1984 - Edison Welding Institute established by the State of Ohio to improve welding technology used in manufacturing.
1990s -Inverter technology dominates power supply designs. Reduced size and weight of equipment is the result (world wide).
1991 - Friction stir welding introduced and used successfully to weld the 2000, 5000, and 6000 series of aluminum sheet alloys.
1993 - Robotically controlled COz laser beam process used to weld U.S. Army’s Abrams Main Battle Tank.
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