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If You ever want to sell your design here in Europe for instance You will have to comply (minimal) to the requirements set in CISPR14-2.
Most manufacturers however have higher test requirements, i perform ESD test's upto 16 kV regularly and sometimes the customer requirements even go up to 20 kV.
ESD is one of the tests that is mandatory to have your electronics certified (other mandatory tests are for instance burst, surge, injected currents, this depends a little on what sort of product You want certified)
You don't need ESD protection because of European rules; you need ESD protection to keep your ICs from being damaged. Excessive voltage from an ESD event will cause semiconductor junctions to breakdown and conduct excessive current and overheat.
When you're carrying an unprotected board, there is a very real risk of generating an ESD discharge, for instance, when you walk across a carpet.
Ofcourse its also for protection, but if You want your electronics certified ESD is one of the mandatory test's.
ESD can damage chip's, mosfets, cause reset's etc. etc.
Without ESD protection, You aint only vulnerable for damage by taking a walk over synthetic carpet but You won't be able to sell your electronics.
Yes and the troubling part of ESD damage is that you can't always tell; a component might be degraded, but still appear to function normal. So that it might fail easily later on, or not live as long as a factory-fresh component.
ESD protective packaging is of course to make sure this doesn't happen during shipping or storage.
ESD is mandatory when working with Automotive electronics. All inputs and outputs have to be protected in the circuit. For automotive, usually have fuse and transient protection circuit for the power, and I/Os using protection buffers. As for the European rules, it will depend what type of consumer application. If it was a monitor, you would need to follow the UL or IEC standard, and test it round the screen and the casing and check for any abnormal distortion in the display. As for automotive, you perform a low dump test on all the I/Os and passes if the circuit survives and still operational.
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