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Governor is A device used to control the speed of a prime mover. A governor protects the prime mover from overspeed and keeps the prime mover speed at or near the desired revolutions per minute. When a prime mover drives an alternator supplying electrical power at a given frequency, a governor must be used to hold the prime mover at a speed that will yield this frequency. An unloaded diesel engine will fly to pieces unless it is under governor control. See also Prime mover.
A governor regulates the speed of a prime mover by properly varying the flow of energy to or from it. In the case of gas and steam turbines and internal combustion engines, the fuel furnishes the energy to the prime mover. For such applications, the governor usually controls the speed of the unit by regulating the rate at which fuel, and hence energy, is furnished to the prime mover. The governor controls the fuel flow so that the speed of the prime mover remains constant regardless of load and other disturbances, or changes in accordance with such operating conditions as changes in speed setting.
The speed of a prime mover is usually measured by a ball-head that contains flyweights driven at a speed proportional to the speed of the prime mover. The force from the flyweights is balanced, at least in part, by the force of compression of a speeder spring (see illustration). The upper end of this spring is positioned according to the speed setting of the governor.
To increase the power output of a governor, a hydraulic amplifier is often employed. A governor that keeps the speed of a prime mover constant is said to be isochronous. In a simple isochronous governor, the ball head senses the speed and strokes a pilot valve plunger that regulates the flow of fluid to a servomotor. The performance of the simple isochronous governor is often greatly improved by the introduction of a dashpot in the feedback path from the output to the ball head. If there is little damping in the prime mover, instability often occurs when the simple isochronous governor is used, whereas this instability is removed when the dashpot is incorporated. Acceleration governors are sometimes used in place of governors with dashpots. In such governors a flywheel is employed instead of a dashpot. The prime mover drives the flywheel through a spring.
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