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I should have checked before posting. Thanks anyway

I was under the impression that the number is 255 (256 with zero excluded).

PCB layout is an art and some consider it as a black art!

Simple advice that may work sometimes: group blockwise and keep related blocks close.

Each resistor has two ends. It is a symmetrical device in the sense that you can exchange the two ends without ANY effect.

Let us label the two ends of resistor R1 as E1 and E2. Same way label the...

Carbon has basically two allotropes: graphite and diamond. Of these only graphite is conducting.

Ignore some of the nano forms of carbon- nanotubes, fullerenes etc etc.

Carbon dioxide is a gas...

Do you want a circuit using a MOSFET that does simulate a capacitor? What is the frequency range and the voltage specification?

I presume there are plenty of active capacitor circuits on the...

There is nothing like a carbon dioxide resistor. Two common types are composite and film.

For low values (say less than 1M) you can usually ignore the thermal noise. There are other types of...

Follow the suggestions in #4 post.

Fast turn on and turn off will reduce the losses but design and layout will be more critical. It is perhaps acceptable (is it?) to take 1-3% of the output power...

You have given a link and I have glanced through that.

The problem with "their" argument is that switching produces ringing (noise) which is true.

But a regular diode switches at zero crossing...

500 ug = 500 x1e-6x980 cm.sec^(-2) = 0.49 cm.sec^(-2) ---> bit small but can be measured.

As others have pointed out earlier, the output will be around 150 uV. Bit small but can be measured...

Yes, you can.

But for 1.5kw output, you will have a current of 125A; add some margin and get FETs that can handle 200A or so.

Driver side may need only minor modifications. But what about the...

You are right here.

Mosfet cannot do anything by itself; it does what it is supposed to do. Usually you tell it what to do by giving a voltage to the gate.

Please provide a diagram with input...

The bug was actually associated with the floating point division processor (NDP) - divisions take considerably longer time and they use different lookup tables (if my memory is right). There was no...

For 8 bit unsigned int, you will need a table 256X256 in size. The products shall need 16 bit storage.

For the slowest method (school book way) it is just 8 shifts and 8 additions.

A quick summary:

Avg value of noise = const DC offset + avg (noise) --> zero (second term) (Avg of noise is always zero except for the offset; or you can consider the offset as the average if you...

It already have a natural resonance frequency; because of internal parasitic capacitance. You can either measure it directly or estimate it indirectly.

You have made an inductor; it needs some...

But this needs more details.

I am not so fortunate; inside temp in winter (Dec-Jan is the coldest in my part of the world) around 27-30C (outside it can be 40C in direct sun). In summer, inside temp is around 35-38C and the...

In that case, the rectified output of an AC is not DC; but I am not sure what is the more common understanding.

Not correct. This is true only for a constant current.

I guess I need not elaborate.

It is surprising; a small digital circuit as a load to a LDO regulator is not expected to act like this! Can you please provide more details?

Modern linux is quite robust: did your installation went through all right?

Please mention the specific distribution of Linux you are using. Those forums can provide more fine grained response.

True. As long as it works. A good power supply can make several iota:s of difference. A simple capacitor snubber across the rectifier diodes can reduce noise from the mains (power line noise) and...

Good that you found a solution. You need to estimate the heat being produced by the device and how to transport this heat to elsewhere. You may still need a good heat sink on the Peltier device.

I am not sure whether you are conducting these experiments with sufficient care and safety protection. Potassium permanganate mixed with sulphuric acid is a very powerful oxidant and can cause fire...