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E and H in a propagating plane wave are related by the intrinsic impedance of the medium: Z0=|E|/|H|=sqrt(µ/ε) (377 ohms for free space, less for other dielectrics).
According to Maxwell equations, there would be an electric field in space, but the relationship between electric and magnetic...
Exact calculation gives the solution for the general case.
But in many cases, like this one, we can get an approximate solution (but quite accurate) by inspection.
Initial values are:
V10 = 60 V
V20 = 5 V
Let's proceed ad follows:
The circut has two time constants, one fast (tau1) and one...
Frequently, non radiation-hardened or radiation-resistant electronic components are protected with shields (usually of tantalum or tungsten) in order to protect them from radiation in space.
Hi Terminator3,
I guess you are telling slots like "f" and "g" in this figure (waveguide in TE10 mode). Right?
There is a bit of information in "Modern Antenna Design, 2nd Edition" by Thomas Milligan (Wiley-IEEE Press, 2005), section 5-24 .
(I saw more information in some other book, but now...
Take into account that signs can be different if you consider voltages or currents.
At the load, we have the combination of incident and reflected waves following this convention:
VL = VINC + VREF
IL = IINC - IREF
ZL = VL / IL
Γ = VREF / VINC
Let's see the boundary conditions at the load in...
IF these conditions are satisfied:
- signal level is "high enough" in such a way that in a sample time the signal crosses more than a quantization level at "almost all the samples", and
- the signal spectrum is "not too concentrated", so the signal is not "almost periodic"
THEN the following...
Dithering and oversampling help to "see" signals whose level is below one quantization step.
Dithering, by giving to the quantization noise (that is nonrandom for very low level signals) statistical properties like random noise.
Oversampling, by distributing the noise power over a wide...
Hi,
The voltage at the input of the VCO (or the number at the input of the NCO), i.e. the value at the output of the filter loop, gives the indication of the frequency at which the oscilator is running.
If the PLL is locked, that is the frequency of the signal.
Z
Re: Using high pass filter infront of an opamp
The lower that resistor, the lower the voltage at the "+" input of the OA.
Look:
The microphone can be modeled with its Norton equvalent, i.e. a current source Is in parallel with a resistance Rm.
Let's call Ra the microphone bias resistor (5k)...
Hi,
The radiated wave in far field has an eletrical field E that:
a) is perpendicular to the direction of propagation
b) parallel to E must be a component of charge acceleration; this needs a component of current parallel to E
You are asking for the direction theta=0, i.e. along the z axis...
Let's assume we can measure inductance by any method.
a) measure L1 (with L2 open)
b) measure L2 (with L1 open)
c) measure inductance of both in series (adding fluxes), it is L1+L2+2*M
d) measure inductance of both in series (inverting one of them), it is L1+L2-2*M
Subtracting c)-d), obtain...
Surely you mean the impedance of free space, that is ≈377 Ω (not 50 Ω).
I don't think this is the confusion of the OP.
You mean intrinsic (non interstice) impedance.
Again, this is not related with the OP.
Hi nomigoraya,
As a good and usual approximation, Z0 of a transmission line is...
According to sampling theorem, the sampling rate must be greater than twice the highest frequency component in oder to be able to reconstruct the original signal from its samples.
Higher sampling frequency is feasible. This facilitates the reconstruction, The only disadvantage is an increase in...
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