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To multiply two's complement, the sign bit must be treated differently.
For any multiplication of two n-bit numbers, the least significant n-bits for two's complement and unsigned numbers are the same. If you use a 2n-bit result, the most significant n-bits will be different.
You will get the...
To update on the same clock edge, don't use the clock for the second signal.
It seems that all the signals in the tests are clocked. If so, the Forward outputs will always change one edge after all the tested signals allow a change.
A simple way to explain this - signals are tested or used...
By itself, the register does not produce a 1-cycle delay.
The 1-cycle delay is the delay between the generation (not the inspection) of D from the previous edge and the new edge - yielding a change in the Q output one cycle after the D input was changed.
With two registers using the same...
You do not build loops in FPGAs.
Loops are replaced by control signals, and registers which are allowed (as dictated by control signals) to update themselves only when a clock signal changes state. If you want repetition controlled by counting, you use a counter to generate the control signals...
They don't synthesize because it requires adding arbitration logic.
Asynchronous arbitration can be done by a request-acknowledge protocol.
Synchronous arbitration can be performed by choosing ONE clock event for synchronizing ALL assignments to a specific variable. This is equivalent to...
Devices do not generate SOF. Only Hosts (root controllers and hubs) generate SOF. If you build a full speed (12 Mbps) device, the Host will send SOF to your device.
If you are building a Host (for example, for communicating with a USB device such as memory stick): low speed (1.5 Mbps) does not...
The left hand side of an assignment within an always must be "specified" as reg. Whether it is registered or not depends on whether the sensitivity list has signals listed as posedge/negedge or not.
// synchronous
reg q;
always @(posedge clk)
begin
q <= d;
end
// asynchronous
reg output1...
internal tri-state inside xilinx
The Spartan 3 does not have any internal BUFTs. Synthesis will convert BUFTs to MUXes, but only if the option is enabled.
If you have a 16-bit bus with 32 sources of data, you will need 16 of the 32-way MUXes.
With the latest versions of ISE, you will need to amend the pin numbers by adding "p" (as in the data sheet), as follows:
Net "CLK_4M" loc = "p77";
Net "out" loc = "p204";
pins for fpga
If you're using ISE, each line starting with "Net" is placed in a UCF text file. Include only the lines that are needed.
For example, you probably want to use the onboard 4 MHz oscillator for your clock. So, in your UCF file, you type the following line:
Net "CLK_4M" loc = "77"...
Re: Cyclic Reduancy Check
The CRC division is not numeric. It is polynomial division with Boolean coefficients. The LFSR technique is a direct translation of the polynomial division, using XOR to do the "subtraction".
Time.
The write time is much slower than read time. Completing the I²C transfer only starts the write cycle.
Some chips will not acknowledge while they are in the write cycle, you can repeatedly attempt a zero-length write until you get an acknowledge.
Or you can simply wait some arbitrarily...
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