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Virtual Ground is a cero reference but without current. That is the case of the op-amp with very high gain
the opamp equation is: Vo = A(V+ - V-)
V+ - V- = Vo/A but if A = ∞ . . . . . . . . V+ - V- = 0, V+ = V-, a short circuit and because Rin is very high there is no current. That's why is...
The most important is that MOSFET can be build from very small sizes and low currents to very high currents. And you can have high scales of integration like millions of transistors per squeared inch. Or power transistors.
Second in electronics the design with MOSFET is the second easy one.
Any electronic simulator has power devices
I recomend you: TINA form the web page of TEXAS Instrument and QUCk . . . both are free
Pspice is another good one
First you must use the bessel function to determine the center, the minimum and the maximum frecuency of your FM signal.
Second you must use the Modulation Theorem (FOURIER), to determine the new BW
L{f(t) COSωot} = ½ [F(ω-ωo)+F(ω+ωo)]
where ω is the frecuency of f(f), ωo the frecuency of the...
It deppends of the Equivalent series Resistor (ESR) of the capacitor that usually is small. SO the current is V/ESR = I
It is a very bad practice to do that because the life of the capacitor decreases, thr robability of failure increases. If it is an electrolitic capacitor it could be damage in...
Bandwidth is the range of frequencies where your OTA works well considering the Gain. When you exced this BW the gain decreases.
But Slew rate is the maximum velocity of change of signal at the output, usually voltage. It is the capacity of the OTA to follow the input signal amplified. And it is...
The voltage swing refears to the output voltage swing.
That means tha maximum variation of voltage at the output stage of the opamp and it is not VCC or VDD that is because the output stage of the opamp is made of transistors andthey need bias voltage so it is Vcc minus some voltage aprox 1.2V...
First you must start with one BJT (or mosfet) circuits to develop skills and know what a circuit do when you see it.
there are two mayor strategies in desig: modular and two port analisys
a) Modular design is whe you develop your design as a block that will be no afected whe you conect to it...
It is a good practice separate high power from low power stages. That is because could bethat high power transitions flow to the low power devices and destroy them.
The information that the graphics gives you:
Voltage of the source≈ 17.8V
the collector resistance ≈17.8V/37mA = 481Ω
β ≈ 14mA/50µA = 280
R1 = ?
R2 = ?
For these two values you will need the Ic vs Vbe, in order to obtain the Vbe that will produce the IC.
The nyquiste theorem says that al least two times the maximum frequency of the signal.
But in the books there is a note that in real life it doesn't work. At least must be 4 times the maximum frequency.
Over here the telephine company uses 8 times.
so: f_sampling≥4*f_maximum_of_the_signal
YOU MUST UNDERSTAND THAT ZENER DIODES requiere a minimum current to regulate correctly. And you can't expect that a 18.5 volts form the source the zener diode start the regulation.
For example for a 10Vz diode it is specified Iz = 25mA. You need a voltage greater than 10, in this example 15V.
R...
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