Calculate fmax for Altera design

abd_elhamid_ · Jul 9, 2015

Dear All,

After I finished my design compilation on Quartus, I get multiple result for fmax as shown below. I want to know, what does it means? and How can I calculate the fmax of the all design?.

Regards

TrickyDicky · Jul 9, 2015

it means it has determined that cc_state.one, five and three are clocks and could only work reliably at the specified clock speeds. This implies you have some logic generated clocks, which are a bad idea. Why not post your code so we can see whats going on?

abd_elhamid_ · Jul 9, 2015

Ok, let me explain more, my design is implementation for the following equation:

Code:

for(i = 1; i < 5; i++)
{
   T += ( ((Rv[i] - Ru[i]))^2 + ((Iv[i] - Iu[i]))^2 )
}

assume the following:
1. use 4 add-sub, 2 squarer, and eight 21-bit register file(parallel input/output) .
2. finished all operation in 8 clock cycles.

Note: -each adder/subtractor is 21-bit and has a selector pin '1' for add or '0' for sub.
- squarer is 9 bit.
- T is 21 bit.
This is the FSM for the design

according the above, this is my code

Code:

library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
use ieee.numeric_std.all;



entity EDCfunction_TopEntity is
port
	(
		clk, reset	:	in std_logic;
		Rv1	:	in std_logic_vector (8-1 downto 0);
		Iv1	:	in std_logic_vector (8-1 downto 0);
		Ru1	:	in std_logic_vector (8-1 downto 0);
		Iu1	:	in std_logic_vector (8-1 downto 0);
		Rv2	:	in std_logic_vector (8-1 downto 0);
		Iv2	:	in std_logic_vector (8-1 downto 0);
		Ru2	:	in std_logic_vector (8-1 downto 0);
		Iu2	:	in std_logic_vector (8-1 downto 0);
		Rv3	:	in std_logic_vector (8-1 downto 0);
		Iv3	:	in std_logic_vector (8-1 downto 0);
		Ru3	:	in std_logic_vector (8-1 downto 0);
		Iu3	:	in std_logic_vector (8-1 downto 0);
		Rv4	:	in std_logic_vector (8-1 downto 0);
		Iv4	:	in std_logic_vector (8-1 downto 0);
		Ru4	:	in std_logic_vector (8-1 downto 0);
		Iu4	:	in std_logic_vector (8-1 downto 0);
		
		T		:	out std_logic_vector (21-1 downto 0)
		
	);
end EDCfunction_TopEntity;

architecture behavioral of EDCfunction_TopEntity is
type clock_state is (zero, zero_clk2, one, two, two_clk2, three, three_clk2, four, four_clk2, five, six, seven, eight);
type add_sub_type is array (4-1 downto 0) of std_logic_vector (21-1 downto 0);
type squarer_in_type is array (2-1 downto 0) of std_logic_vector (9-1 downto 0);
type squarer_out_type is array (2-1 downto 0) of std_logic_vector (18-1 downto 0);

signal cc_state, cn_state : clock_state;
signal clk_reg_file, reset_reg_file, s_wr_en : std_logic;
signal add_sub_flage, state_mux : std_logic_vector (4-1 downto 0);
signal dataa_add_sub, datab_add_sub, result_add_sub : add_sub_type;
signal dataa_squarer : squarer_in_type;
signal result_squarer : squarer_out_type;
signal w_addr_reg_file, r_addr_reg_file : std_logic_vector (8-1 downto 0);
signal s_w_data_0, s_w_data_1, s_w_data_2, s_w_data_3, s_w_data_4, s_w_data_5, s_w_data_6, s_w_data_7,
			s_r_data_0, s_r_data_1, s_r_data_2, s_r_data_3, s_r_data_4, s_r_data_5, s_r_data_6, s_r_data_7 
			: std_logic_vector (21-1 downto 0);

alias R0 is s_w_data_0(21-1 downto 0);
alias R0H is s_w_data_0(21-1 downto 10);
alias R0L is s_w_data_0(9 downto 0);

alias R1 is s_w_data_1(21-1 downto 0);
alias R1H is s_w_data_1(21-1 downto 10);
alias R1L is s_w_data_1(9 downto 0);

alias R2 is s_w_data_2(21-1 downto 0);
alias R2H is s_w_data_2(21-1 downto 10);
alias R2L is s_w_data_2(9 downto 0);

alias R3 is s_w_data_3(21-1 downto 0);
alias R3H is s_w_data_3(21-1 downto 10);
alias R3L is s_w_data_3(9 downto 0);

alias R4 is s_w_data_4(21-1 downto 0);
alias R4H is s_w_data_4(21-1 downto 10);
alias R4L is s_w_data_4(9 downto 0);

alias R5 is s_w_data_5(21-1 downto 0);
alias R5H is s_w_data_5(21-1 downto 10);
alias R5L is s_w_data_5(9 downto 0);

alias R6 is s_w_data_6(21-1 downto 0);
alias R6H is s_w_data_6(21-1 downto 10);
alias R6L is s_w_data_6(9 downto 0);

alias R7 is s_w_data_7(21-1 downto 0);
alias R7H is s_w_data_7(21-1 downto 10);
alias R7L is s_w_data_7(9 downto 0);
			
component lpm_adder_subtractor
port
	(
		add_sub		: IN STD_LOGIC ;
		dataa			: IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (20 DOWNTO 0);
		datab			: IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (20 DOWNTO 0);
		result		: OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (20 DOWNTO 0)
	);
end component;

component lpm_squarer
	PORT
	(
		dataa		: IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (8 DOWNTO 0);
		result		: OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (17 DOWNTO 0)
	);
end component;

component register_file
port
	(
		clk, reset		:	in std_logic;
		wr_en		:	in std_logic;
		w_addr	:	in std_logic_vector (8-1 downto 0);
		w_data_0	:	in std_logic_vector (21-1 downto 0);
		w_data_1	:	in std_logic_vector (21-1 downto 0);
		w_data_2	:	in std_logic_vector (21-1 downto 0);
		w_data_3	:	in std_logic_vector (21-1 downto 0);
		w_data_4	:	in std_logic_vector (21-1 downto 0);
		w_data_5	:	in std_logic_vector (21-1 downto 0);
		w_data_6	:	in std_logic_vector (21-1 downto 0);
		w_data_7	:	in std_logic_vector (21-1 downto 0);
		r_addr	:	in std_logic_vector (8-1 downto 0);
		r_data_0	:	out std_logic_vector (21-1 downto 0);
		r_data_1	:	out std_logic_vector (21-1 downto 0);
		r_data_2	:	out std_logic_vector (21-1 downto 0);
		r_data_3	:	out std_logic_vector (21-1 downto 0);
		r_data_4	:	out std_logic_vector (21-1 downto 0);
		r_data_5	:	out std_logic_vector (21-1 downto 0);
		r_data_6	:	out std_logic_vector (21-1 downto 0);
		r_data_7	:	out std_logic_vector (21-1 downto 0)
	);
end component;


begin
A0 : lpm_adder_subtractor port map (add_sub_flage(0), dataa_add_sub(0), datab_add_sub(0), result_add_sub(0));
A1 : lpm_adder_subtractor port map (add_sub_flage(1), dataa_add_sub(1), datab_add_sub(1), result_add_sub(1));
A2 : lpm_adder_subtractor port map (add_sub_flage(2), dataa_add_sub(2), datab_add_sub(2), result_add_sub(2));
A3 : lpm_adder_subtractor port map (add_sub_flage(3), dataa_add_sub(3), datab_add_sub(3), result_add_sub(3));

S0 : lpm_squarer port map (dataa_squarer(0), result_squarer(0));
S1 : lpm_squarer port map (dataa_squarer(1), result_squarer(1));

U0 : register_file port map (clk, reset_reg_file, s_wr_en, w_addr_reg_file, s_w_data_0, s_w_data_1, s_w_data_2,
						s_w_data_3, s_w_data_4, s_w_data_5, s_w_data_6, s_w_data_7, r_addr_reg_file,
						s_r_data_0, s_r_data_1, s_r_data_2, s_r_data_3, s_r_data_4, s_r_data_5, s_r_data_6,
						s_r_data_7);

process (cc_state, reset, Rv1, Iv1, Ru1, Iu1, Rv2, Iv2, Ru2, Iu2, Rv3, Iv3, Ru3, Iu3, Rv4, Iv4, Ru4, Iu4)
begin
	case cc_state is
		when zero =>
			s_wr_en <= '1';
			w_addr_reg_file <= "11111111";
			R0H <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(Rv1), R0H'length));
			R0L <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(Ru1), R0L'length));
			R1H <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(Iv1), R1H'length));
			R1L <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(Iu1), R1L'length));
			R2H <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(Rv2), R2H'length));
			R2L <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(Ru2), R2L'length));
			R3H <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(Iv2), R3H'length));
			R3L <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(Iu2), R3L'length));
			R4H <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(Rv3), R4H'length));
			R4L <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(Ru3), R4L'length));
			R5H <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(Iv3), R5H'length));
			R5L <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(Iu3), R5L'length));
			R6H <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(Rv4), R6H'length));
			R6L <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(Ru4), R6L'length));
			R7H <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(Iv4), R7H'length));
			R7L <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(Iu4), R7L'length));
			
			--clk_reg_file <= '1';
			--T <= result_add_sub(0);
			
			cn_state <= zero_clk2;
		
		when zero_clk2 =>
			r_addr_reg_file <= "11111111";
			cn_state <= one;
			
		when one =>
			s_wr_en <= '0';
			--w_addr_reg_file <= "00001111";
			add_sub_flage(0) <= '0';
			add_sub_flage(1) <= '0';
			add_sub_flage(2) <= '0';
			add_sub_flage(3) <= '0';
			
			--r_addr_reg_file <= "00001111";
			dataa_add_sub(0) <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(s_r_data_0 (21-1 downto 10)), dataa_add_sub(0)'length));
			datab_add_sub(0) <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(s_r_data_0 (9 downto 0)), dataa_add_sub(0)'length));
			--s_w_data_0 <= result_add_sub(0);
			--w_addr_reg_file <= "00000001";
			
			dataa_add_sub(1) <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(s_r_data_1 (21-1 downto 10)), dataa_add_sub(1)'length));
			datab_add_sub(1) <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(s_r_data_1 (9 downto 0)), dataa_add_sub(1)'length));
			--s_w_data_1 <= result_add_sub(1);
			--w_addr_reg_file <= "00000010";
			
			dataa_add_sub(2) <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(s_r_data_2 (21-1 downto 10)), dataa_add_sub(2)'length));
			datab_add_sub(2) <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(s_r_data_2 (9 downto 0)), dataa_add_sub(2)'length));
			--s_w_data_2 <= result_add_sub(2);
			--w_addr_reg_file <= "00000100";
			
			dataa_add_sub(3) <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(s_r_data_3 (21-1 downto 10)), dataa_add_sub(3)'length));
			datab_add_sub(3) <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(s_r_data_3 (9 downto 0)), dataa_add_sub(3)'length));
			--s_w_data_3 <= result_add_sub(3);
			--w_addr_reg_file <= "00001000";
			--T <= result_add_sub(3);
			
			--clk_reg_file <= '1';
			--r_addr_reg_file <= "11110000";
			cn_state <= two;
			--state_mux <= "0001";
		when two =>
			s_wr_en <= '1';
			w_addr_reg_file <= "00001111";
			R0 <= result_add_sub(0);
			R1 <= result_add_sub(1);
			R2 <= result_add_sub(2);
			R3 <= result_add_sub(3);
		
			dataa_squarer(0) <= result_add_sub(0) (9-1 downto 0);
			dataa_squarer(1) <= result_add_sub(1) (9-1 downto 0);
			
			dataa_add_sub(0) <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(s_r_data_4 (21-1 downto 10)), dataa_add_sub(0)'length));
			datab_add_sub(0) <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(s_r_data_4 (9 downto 0)), dataa_add_sub(0)'length));
			
			dataa_add_sub(1) <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(s_r_data_5 (21-1 downto 10)), dataa_add_sub(1)'length));
			datab_add_sub(1) <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(s_r_data_5 (9 downto 0)), dataa_add_sub(1)'length));
			
			dataa_add_sub(2) <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(s_r_data_6 (21-1 downto 10)), dataa_add_sub(2)'length));
			datab_add_sub(2) <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(s_r_data_6 (9 downto 0)), dataa_add_sub(2)'length));
			
			dataa_add_sub(3) <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(s_r_data_7 (21-1 downto 10)), dataa_add_sub(3)'length));
			datab_add_sub(3) <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(s_r_data_7 (9 downto 0)), dataa_add_sub(3)'length));
			
			cn_state <= two_clk2;
			
		when two_clk2 =>
			cn_state <= three;
		when three =>
			--s_wr_en <= '1';
			w_addr_reg_file <= "11110011";
			R0 <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(result_squarer(0)), R0'length));
			R1 <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(result_squarer(1)), R0'length));
			R4 <= result_add_sub(0);
			R5 <= result_add_sub(1);
			R6 <= result_add_sub(2);
			R7 <= result_add_sub(3);
			
			add_sub_flage(0) <= '1';
			dataa_add_sub(0) <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(result_squarer(0)), dataa_add_sub(0)'length));
			datab_add_sub(0) <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(result_squarer(1)), datab_add_sub(0)'length));
			dataa_squarer(0) <= s_r_data_2 (9-1 downto 0);
			dataa_squarer(1) <= s_r_data_3 (9-1 downto 0);
			
			cn_state <= three_clk2;
		
		when three_clk2 =>
			cn_state <= four;
		when four =>
			w_addr_reg_file <= "00000110";
			R0 <= result_add_sub(0);
			R1 <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(result_squarer(0)), R0'length));
			R2 <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(result_squarer(1)), R0'length));
			
			add_sub_flage(1) <= '1';
			dataa_add_sub(1) <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(result_squarer(0)), dataa_add_sub(1)'length));
			datab_add_sub(1) <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(result_squarer(1)), datab_add_sub(1)'length));
			dataa_squarer(0) <= s_r_data_4 (9-1 downto 0);
			dataa_squarer(1) <= s_r_data_5 (9-1 downto 0);
			
			cn_state <= four_clk2;
		
		when four_clk2 =>
			cn_state <= five;
		when five =>
			w_addr_reg_file <= "00001110";
			R1 <= result_add_sub(1);
			R2 <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(result_squarer(0)), R2'length));
			R3 <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(result_squarer(1)), R3'length));
			
			add_sub_flage(2) <= '1';
			dataa_add_sub(0) <= R0;
			datab_add_sub(0) <= result_add_sub(1);
			dataa_add_sub(2) <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(result_squarer(0)), dataa_add_sub(2)'length));
			datab_add_sub(2) <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(result_squarer(1)), datab_add_sub(2)'length));
			dataa_squarer(0) <= s_r_data_6 (9-1 downto 0);
			dataa_squarer(1) <= s_r_data_7 (9-1 downto 0);
			
			cn_state <= six;
		when six =>
			w_addr_reg_file <= "00001111";
			R0 <= result_add_sub(0);
			R1 <= result_add_sub(2);
			R2 <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(result_squarer(0)), R2'length));
			R3 <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(result_squarer(1)), R3'length));
			
			add_sub_flage(3) <= '1';
			dataa_add_sub(0) <= result_add_sub(0);
			datab_add_sub(0) <= result_add_sub(2);
			dataa_add_sub(3) <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(result_squarer(0)), dataa_add_sub(2)'length));
			datab_add_sub(3) <= std_logic_vector(resize(signed(result_squarer(1)), datab_add_sub(2)'length));
			
			cn_state <= seven;
		when seven =>
			w_addr_reg_file <= "00000011";
			R0 <= result_add_sub(0);
			R1 <= result_add_sub(3);
			
			dataa_add_sub(0) <= result_add_sub(0);
			datab_add_sub(0) <= result_add_sub(3);
			--R0 <= result_add_sub(0);
			--T <= result_add_sub(0);
			
			cn_state <= eight;
			
		when eight =>
			w_addr_reg_file <= "00000001";
			R0 <= result_add_sub(0);
			T <= result_add_sub(0);
			
			cn_state <= zero;
		end case;
		
	--if(state_mux = "0001") then
		
		
	--end if;
end process;



process (clk, reset)
begin
	reset_reg_file <= reset;
	
	if(reset = '1') then
		cc_state <= zero;
	elsif (clk'event and clk = '1') then
		cc_state <= cn_state;
	end if;
end process;

end behavioral;

TrickyDicky · Jul 9, 2015

The problem is you're not assigning all outputs in all states opf the state machine. Any signals assigned in a combinatorial process MUST be assigned in every state oterhwise latcvhes are created (you probably got a lot of warnings about this.) Latches are a bad thing that you dont want.

I highly suggest you review you code and good coding practice/styles to avoid the generation of latches/.

FvM · Jul 9, 2015

I'm restricting my answer to the problem why ccstate bits are analysed as clocks. This happens because the combinational process generates latches for all signals that aren't assigned in every case. You'll find many warnngs about latch inference in the compilation report.

I'm not really motivated to dive into the design details and find out possible problems involved with these latches. Latch generation is mostly unwanted (except for a few cases). If a storage function is intended, you'll replace them by synchronous registers, otherwise initialize all signals assigned in the case construct to a default value before the case statement, or take care that all signals are assigned in every case alternative.

abd_elhamid_ · Jul 9, 2015

Can you give me some examples for my code to going on?

Regards

- - - Updated - - -

If I have a signal connected the output of a component with the input of register file, In one of state I want to disconnect this signal then what's the value that will assigned to this signal in this state?.(this signal my be assigned to different inputs in other states).

Regards,

TrickyDicky · Jul 9, 2015

You should be assigning the outputs in a separate synchronous process, with control signals coming from the asynchronous state process. Or even better, just make a single state machine process, not 2.

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Calculate fmax for Altera design

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