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You can find the advantages of a differential opAmp over single ended structures practically in any book about Analog Circuit Design, e.g. Behzad Razavi:
"Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits",
Mc Graw Hill Ed. 2001 p. 100ff:
- higher immunity to "environmental" noise ( e.g. PSRR)
- higher immunity to common mode rejection
- increase in maximum achievable voltage swings
- simpler biasing
- higher linearity
- better suppression of non-ideal effects
Yes, it has. It has two inputs - one inverting and one non-inverting (if compared with the output phase). And that is important for a device which can be used as a universal amplifier in several functional modes (i.e. with negative feedback and/or with partly pos. feedback). For example, there are active filter circuits which require both of the two inputs at the same time.
I would say that the primary purpose for a differential first stage in an op-amp is to allow a wide input voltage range (common mode range of opamp). Most single ended amplifier stages have quite a small range of useful input voltage.
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