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Ocean bottom sensor nodes can be used for oceanographic
data collection, pollution monitoring, offshore exploration
and tactical surveillance applications. Moreover, Unmanned
or Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (UUVs, AUVs),
equipped with sensors, will find application in exploration of
natural undersea resources and gathering of scientific data in
collaborative monitoring missions. Underwater acoustic networking
is the enabling technology for these applications. Underwater
Networks consist of a variable number of sensors and vehicles
that are deployed to perform collaborative monitoring tasks over
a given area.
In this paper, several fundamental key aspects of underwater
acoustic communications are investigated. Different architectures
for two-dimensional and three-dimensional underwater sensor
networks are discussed, and the underwater channel is characterized.
The main challenges for the development of efficient
networking solutions posed by the underwater environment are
detailed at all layers of the protocol stack. Furthermore, open
research issues are discussed and possible solution approaches
are outlined.
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