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PLL fundamentals
PLL uses a VCO (voltage controlled oscilator), LPF (low pass filter) and a PD (phase detector) and its output follows the input (its frquency is equal to f or f/n, that f is the frequency of the input signal)
Its major advantage is to decrease the amplitude noise of the signal.
open loop op amp
Just ideal operational amplifiers have infinite gain but in the real world they have large finite gain and you may control it using negative feedback.
you can connect the positive terminal of the ohm meter to one of the transistor's pin and the negative terminal to one of the two other pins. if the meter shows a little resistance for both of possible situations the transistor is NPN and the pin conntected to the positive terminal is base you...
diode in parellel
This configuration can be used to increase the overal current. and to make the currents of two diodes be equal, you may put two small resistors in series with the diodes. by this, the inverse current remains neglabe. Another solution to this problem is to put a large resistor...
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